Technical Content

Interbed multiples cause artifacts in subsurface images because they are incorrectly migrated when using standard primary-based migration algorithms. While surface-related-multiple-elimination has been well established as a standard step in seismic processing, the usage of interbed multiple attenuation (IMA) remains low due to various practical ...

Geophysical imaging in the foothills environment is typically hampered by complex structure, and the high cost of data acquisition in poorly accessible, rugged topography. Seismic imaging is particularly difficult due to poor signal penetration, steeply dipping structures and irregular data coverage. The use of ...

Direct wave arrivals are the most robust signals to determine velocity and consequently they have been used for almost a century in hydrocarbon exploration. The reason is simple as the arrival time is explicitly available. In order to acquire these direct arrivals in a ...

Subsalt imaging at Stampede field in the Gulf of Mexico has remained challenging for decades due to the existence of a large and complex sediment inclusion inside thick tabular salt. Recently, appropriate full-waveform inversion (FWI) algorithms have been developed for automatic salt model updating ...

As the key step in subsalt imaging, conventional salt model building has typically relied on manual interpretation of the salt geometry, which proves to be difficult for resolving complex salt models. As a result, subsalt imaging has been approaching a plateau in the last ...

Areas with complex overburdens pose a major challenge for seismic imaging of deep targets. Reduced illumination can compromise velocity estimation and the image at the target level. A solution to this problem is given by ocean bottom node (OBN) acquisitions. They provide increased illumination ...

Santos Basin has become one of the most prospective oil provinces in the world. Due to the geological complexity, OBN acquisition has emerged as an imaging solution. It provides the full-azimuth and long-offset illumination FWI needs to realize its potential. Given the right data ...

Stampede field is a faulted subsalt four-way reservoir in Green Canyon, Gulf of Mexico. Imaging for part of the field has remained challenging due to interference from the complex overburden, which carries large velocity errors and creates non-uniform illumination for the subsalt. Before correcting ...

In this case study, we discuss the impact of using a not-so-appropriate Wide Azimuth Data (WAZ) data which lacks good usable low frequencies and long offset full azimuth coverage for FWI based model building. We use Time-Lag FWI (TLFWI) demonstrated to be an appropriate ...